Violence and Rivalry in Romeo and Juliet Essay - 913 Words

Romeo and Juliet is about two star crossed lovers who’s families have a big rival vary and this rival vary will stop Romeo and Juliet from being together this play is set in Italy and in the city of Verona i am going to concentrate on the following three acts and scenes act 3 scene 5 , act 5 scene 3 and act 1 scene 1 . In act 3 scene 5 we see a lot of conflict between Lord Capulet and Juliet we can see this from the following line â€Å"Hang thee, young baggage disobedient wretch!† this line shows that there is conflict because Lord Capulet is calling Juliet a â€Å"disobedient wretch† which negative language and that make the audience believe that he is angry so that means there must be some sort of conflict going on i would stage this scene†¦show more content†¦I would stage this scene by making the setting in the graveyard or where Juliet is buried i would have Paris acting with rage and anger and the same with Romeo. We also see some conflict in act 5 scene 3 we can infer this from the following quotation â€Å" O, i am slain!† this line shows there is conflict and fighting going on because this line shows that there is a fight going on between Romeo and Paris and this a type of conflict so we know that there is some sort of fighting going on because Paris has been slain so that means this was a result of all the conflict which was going on . This would appeal to the audience because they would want to know what is going to happen next . I would stage this scene by having Paris slain and on the ground in the graveyard i would have Romeo covered in blood because he has just killed Paris. In act 5 scene 3 we see some conflict and we also see the death of Romeo and Juliet we can see this from the following line â€Å"what Paris too? And stepped in blood† this line shows that there has been a fight and someone has died and this line also shows that there is a lot of conflict going on because of all the fighting this appeals to the audience because all the conflict is creating tension which is going to be released in various ways so they are always kept on the edge of their seats. I would stage this scene by making the setting in the graveyard and Romeo will be on the floor withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Act Three Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet979 Words   |  4 Pagesof William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play filled with love, fate, rivalry and tragedy. I am going to be analysing act 3, scene 1, concentrating on how Shakespeare makes this scene dramatic and how it is pivotal in terms of the plays key themes and events. Prior to this scene we have witnessed the rivalry between the two leading families, Capulet and Montague and the hostility they hold towards one another. Romeo, the son of a Montague, turnsRead MoreBaz s Film And William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet939 Words   |  4 PagesBaz Lurhmann film or William Shakespeare play Romeo Juliet is one of the most famous plays of all time. All most ever person in the world has heard of this play and the author William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare is one of the first authors to have a play start off as a comedy but ends up as a tragedy. A lot people have even tried to turn Romeo Juliet into a movie. The most successful at this has been Baz Luhrmann with his star cast; and his use of the exact lines in the play makes hisRead MoreComparison Between Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story687 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet versus West Side Story One of the most beloved and timeless tragedies of William Shakespeare is Romeo and Juliet. Its theme of young, tragic love cruelly and unintentionally destroyed by family hatreds has endured from generation to generation. The American composer Leonard Bernstein used the themes, character types, and plotlines of the Shakespearean play to craft his own musical tragedy entitled West Side Story. (Stephen Sondheim wrote the accompanying lyrics, Alfred LaurentsRead MoreProposal of Director’s Interpretations for Romeo and Juliet671 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet is one of the most well loved plays and the mastermind behind it is none other than the great Shakespeare. This story has become one of the most iconic tragic teen love stories of our time. It has been reinterpreted differently by various people, each trying to present their own ideas and take of the play. Therefore, as a director, we have a tricky job. How do we in a way add more to the play? What is it that we can d o to give our audience a fresh experience? Therefore, this interpretationRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1186 Words   |  5 PagesWhen discussing classic love stories, William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is often included in the conversation. The tragic story of the â€Å"star-crossed lovers† (Shakespeare 6) is taught in high schools and studied in colleges. Its poetry has graced many stages and silver screens. Romeo and Juliet is also often reimagined for a modern audience. One such interpretation is West Side Story. Written by Stephen Sondheim, it made its Hollywood debut in 1961 under directors Jerome Robbins and RobertRead MoreAnalyzing Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyzing Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet is a tragic love story between two teenagers who fall head over heels for each other in their forbidden love. The story is riddled with violence, hatred and revenge, these powerful themes along with others keep the audience on the edge of their seat. Shakespeare wants to create an impact with his play he wantedRead MoreThe Death Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1530 Words   |  7 PagesWho is to Blame? Good Morning, members of the Jury. While it may be a popular belief that there has ‘never been a tale of more woe than that of Romeo and Juliet’, the facts are less subjective. Many say that love brings peace and affection, but when taken to the extreme, it can lead to tragedy and despair. This is shown evidently in the play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare. Arguably the most famous love story of all time, the play tells the tale of a boy and a girl from opposing familiesRead MoreDirecting Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet838 Words   |  4 PagesAct 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet In this essay I will be directing act 3 scene 1 in the illustrious Romeo and Juliet written by Shakespeare. This segment of Romeo and Juliet will be intended for a contemporary audienceRead MorePetrol Station Scene Analysis844 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Petrol Station scene, William Shakespeare’s important theme of violence is amplified and discussed through Baz Luhrmann’s filmic interpretation. The theme of conflict between the Montagues and the Capulets is a constant and crucial idea throughout the play. Baz Luhrmann has highlighted the traditional Shakespearean language by modifying the setting to a modern context, therefore the audience is able to relate to the text. Furthermore, the setting choice of a petrol station provides the filmRead MoreViolence in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Violence is the main theme in Romeo and Juliet, even more than love, hate, rivalry, passion and broken friendships. The play is set in ‘Fair Verona’ which is in the North of Italy, which has a population conformed of a Prince, two main households, the ‘Capulets’ and the ‘Montagues’, their servicemen, friends, the town’s noble man ‘Paris’, the priest ‘friar Lawrence’ and the rest of the town’s workmen. Shakespeare’s

Minimum Wage Should Be Legal - 1239 Words

Lisa Valk Kristoffer Martin English Composition Raise Minimum Wage There is not one state in the US where a minimum wage worker can afford a two-bedroom unit at fair market rent, working a standard 40-hour work week(There are a few states where this is not true. Also, the fair market rent is the average cost. It doesn t reflect the super expensive and bottom rent places). The federal minimum wage would be $10.86 [per hour] if it had kept up with inflation over the past 40 years. Instead, it is $7.25 [per hour]. Every state in the US should have the minimum wage raised to $10.86 per hour(passive, rewrite). The cost of living has increased(s) dramatically every year(,) so why shouldn’t we raise the minimum wage.(?) The value of the minimum wage has fallen by almost 50 cents since it was last increased in 1991(Fact check; the Federal minimum wage was raised in 2007 to 6.35 an hour, up from it s 1991 rate of $5.15 per hour, and again in 2009 to $7.25 per hour). Living expenses are increasing so fast that more people are falling into the category of â€Å"lower class†. Author Tom Dickinson writes, â€Å"A family of four trying to live on the earning of a minimum-wage worker-- $15,080 a year—falls more than $8,000 below the poverty line† (Dickinson 33). (Transitional sentence?) Why not increase the minimum wage in every state?(I d make this an assertion, rather than a question) Author Dante DeAntonio (Who is he? Why should we trust him. Where s the intro?) writes that theShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere has been a growing desire for minimum wage to be set at $15 an hour. While many of our lowest pay employees will be getting paychecks, workers who have been at businesses longer feel like they’re being undermined. Employees say that it is not fair for a new worker to be earning as much as someone who has been apart of the company for three years. Also, raising minimum wage poses a financial and management challenge for employers. Numerou s cities have passed wage increases in the past year, andRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1307 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of minimum wage has been a huge issue among Americans and has really become a large discussion point among a lot of the political debates as well as the Internet recently. According to the United States Department of Labor, â€Å"The federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009. Many states also have minimum wage laws. Some state laws provide greater employee protections; employers must comply with both†. Regardless of the constant debates that occur on whether or not minimum wageRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal940 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is now at a steady $7.25 per hour and shows no sign of increasing anytime soon. There are states right now at the time that are trying to raise the minimum wage, and see how this will effect the economy of the area. As prices continue to increase in every day expenses, it becomes hard for us to keep up and be able to provide for our family or get even the basic necessities that we may need. People are saying that with more money, they will spend more back to the economy, thus helpingRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Be Legal905 Words   |  4 PagesRise in minimum wage has several impacts apart from unemployment. The minimum-wage workers would have to pay more taxes and receive fewer benefits if they are subjected to rise of minimum wage. The federal marginal rate for tax is 32 percent on an average for low earning members. This would amount to almost one third of the income of a worker. The tax rate is quite high for low paid workers. The rise of minimum wage would also reduce some of the advantages and leverages that the low-wage workersRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1435 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wage is currently a very heavily debated topic. Many are in favor of raising the curre nt national minimum wage of $7.25 to a more livable wage; suggestions for this increase are anywhere between $9-15 per hour. While the minimum wage has been raised several times throughout the years, it has not been kept proportional to raises in inflation which has led to a decrease in the amount of goods that people are able to buy with those wages, in turn making their economic lives more difficult. ThoseRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn United States, we hear the government, businesses argued about minimum wage. Whether it should be raised or leave it the way it is. But, what exactly is minimum wages? Minimum wage is the least amount of money per hour that must be paid to a worker after surrounding a service according to the law. Many working class families’ lives depend on this minimum wages. There are few families who make less than $15000 a year who feed their families on this salary and still pay bills from it. Over the pastRead MoreMi nimum Wage Laws Should Be Legal900 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage bill majorly refers to a price control that is imposed by the government. The price control concept set a floor indicating what the minimum price must be paid or be imposed on certain services or goods (Murphy). The main aim of a government setting up price controls is always to ensure individuals or employers of a certain job group receive fair wages. Also, the minimum wage laws are mostly used by the federal government to ensure a basic quality of life among all the countries citizensRead MoreThe Federal Minimum Wage Should Be Legal2004 Words   |  9 Pagesinvolved in an impassioned debate over the federal minimum wage. As of October 5, 2016, the federal minimum wage is set at seven dollars and twenty-five cents an hour. There are numerous amounts of stakeholders when it comes to minimum wage. The three stakeholders mentioned in this essay will be Companies, Employees, and the Economy. In addition to the stake holders, this essay will also dig into the history of the United States Federal Minimum Wage and see how it has progressed over the years and ifRead MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage799 Words   |  4 Pages In the US, President Barack Obama urges Congress to raise the federal minimum wage to $10.10 an hour from $7.25. Although some Republicans oppose to this action, overwhelming majority of Americans see that is a good idea (The Guardian, 2014). Regarding to the issue of minimum wage, there have been lots of debates for a long time. Some economists such as Milton Friedman deeply believe that minimum wage kills jobs, but some like Alan Krueger and David Card think, to some extend, it actually increasedRead MoreThe Challenges of Implement a Minimum Wages Policy1077 Words   |  5 PagesCreating a so called â€Å"culture of compliance† among employers (Skidmore 1999: 435) is a low-cost strategy for facilitating the self-enforcement of minimum wage. This strategy implie s the construction of persuasive arguments in favor of the minimum wage and the appeal to common values and beliefs such as, for instance, the principle of â€Å"fair pay – fair play†. Here, two main strategies for building commitment among employers can be identified. First, persuasive processes at the interpersonal level

Class Perceptions on Personal Choice Free Essays

Have we ever thought of what governs us when we make a choice? Are we ruled by certain cultural or ethnic perspectives, or do we value our feelings toward the person, who is expected to accompany us through joys and sorrows for the rest of our lives? Very often, cultural and class perceptions play the predominant role, when we make a romantic choice. In his novel A Room with a View, E.M. We will write a custom essay sample on Class Perceptions on Personal Choice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forster ironically depicts the increasing conflict between the real and the pretended and the impact, which class and social prejudice may have on what we call â€Å"true passion†. A Room with a View is an ironic depiction of the social narrow-sightedness and the lack of sincere spontaneous response to the feelings, which may change under the pressure of artificial class and cultural views of the conservative society. Literature critics of the post-war period emphasize the growing level of British cultural self-consciousness that has gradually turned into a misrepresented set of class and cultural perceptions. â€Å"With the post-1945 decline of Britain as an economic, political, and military power, its international standing as well as its own sense of national identity have been increasingly determined on the level of cultural production† (Freedman 79). Forster’s novel suggests that with time, this cultural consciousness has transformed into cultural and class prejudices that falsely positioned England as the predominant source of cultural trends in Europe. In this context, Forster’s Lucy reveals the hidden facets of English cultural perceptions. Lucy’s character reflects the growing gap between her inner promptings to love and the external social pressures that tell her what she is expected to tell or to do. Lucy â€Å"was accustomed to having her thoughts confirmed by others†¦ it was too dreadful not to know whether the was thinking right or wrong† (Forster), and even when she is prepared to take the single and the most appropriate decision, the distorted English visions of culture and class raise her doubts as for what she has to do. Forster uses Italy as the mirror and the prism for evaluating the negative potential of cultural and class perceptions in the then England. The battle for a room with a view is actually the battle for nothing, because a room with a view will never offer any benefits to a person, who is too blind to see anything behind the window. Lucy’s battle over her happiness is very close to the situation, where the blind is persuaded that the room with a view is much better than the room without the one. â€Å"How do you like this view of ours, Mr. Emerson? – I never notice much difference in views. – What do you mean? – Because they’re all alike. Because all that matters in them is distance and air† (Forster). In the same manner, Lucy is coming to the realization that her relations with Cecil are nothing but an empty combination of the social prejudice and the decision that was imposed on her by the norms and traditions of her surrounding. â€Å"As Forster’s narrative unfolds, it becomes clear that there must be something wrong with ‘development’ in a code of behavior which can mistake delicacy for beauty, while treating frank talk about baths and stomachs as indecent, and kisses as insults† (Taque 94). This cultural and class blindness and the fight for a better view are the central themes that accompany Lucy in her long journey to personal revelation. She is stifled by the air of indifference toward her feelings and desires; she is confronted by the need to follow the imposed behavioral code that evidently does not satisfy her inner strivings to be happy. Italy and the Italians open her eyes on the realities of her drastic existence within the narrow space of the social and class prejudice. When she hears Mr. Beebe’s remark that â€Å"Italians are a most unpleasant people. They pry everywhere, they see everything, and they know what we want before we know it ourselves. We are at their mercy† (Forster), she has nothing but to conclude, that her life and her future are at the mercy of the socially blind norms, which govern her choice. For once, Lucy has to pause and rethink everything that was going through her mind and her soul. George leads her to re-considering her values. She is overfilled with emotion: â€Å"some emotion – pity, terror, love, but the emotion was strong – seized her, and she was aware of autumn. Summer was ending, and the evening brought her odours of decay, the more pathetic because they were reminiscent of spring. That something or other mattered intellectually?† (Forster). A bright literary parallel between the English cultural norms and the odours of decay suggests that if Lucy fails to defend her right to choose, she will be doomed to spend the rest of her life in the pressuring atmosphere without any hope for moral and spiritual resurrection. Mr. Emerson is correct stating that â€Å"we need a little directness to liberate the soul† (Forster); Lucy is searching some free space where she will be protected from the strong winds of English cultural and class perceptions. She wants to be free to express her feelings without a fear of being condemned. Ultimately, she has the right for spontaneous feeling without any tint of reason, which conservative England is so actively imposing on her. How to cite Class Perceptions on Personal Choice, Papers

Privacy and Security in Digital Networks-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Privacy and Security in Digital Network. Answer: Case study The Singapore Government has deployed a network of smart sensors and cameras at various points like traffic lights and rubbish bins. There are also a series of sensor boxes to act as Wi-Fi hotspots throughout the city coupled with a heterogeneous network where smart phones and other devices seamlessly switch between mobile data and Wi-Fi. All these measures are taken to ensure that they curb cybercrime and mitigate the risks with information security in the digital world. Privacy issues touching residents and visitors Sensors are hardware devices that construct a measurable reaction to a change in a physical form like temperature or pressure (Lakhtaria, 2015, p. 328). Smart sensors are devices that take input from the surroundings and uses inbuilt computer resources to perform the specific functions it was designed for. Smart sensors are used for monitoring and control purposes in a myriad of ways: traffic control and management, garbage collection and waste disposal, aided parking and notifying the authorities in case an incident that may need their intervention occurs. A network of smart sensors consists of cameras, network sensors, wireless devices, control centers and people monitoring the systems. According to Yang (2014) the network of smart sensors captures data from various sources and relays the data to a central control centre where it is analyzed and used to make real time decisions to curb possible adversaries and help mitigate their impact on the day to day lives of the citizens. A network of smart sensors help the government to operate as an enterprise eliminating silos where information is isolated and there is no sharing of the information gathered with other divisions. Silos make it difficult to share information across various departments in the government since the information and operations are independent to the specific departments (Abraham, Falcon Koeppen, 2017). Where there are silos, information is not shared freely among various divisions in the government. Other divisions of the government may also intentionally fail to share and exchange information with their counterparts in the government making it difficult to cooperate thereby limiting the activities across various departments which directly interferes with the efficiency of the government. It is necessary to do away with silos to enable free flow of information across various divisions in government to enable effective and efficient control and service delivery to the citizens. The reason behind deploying a network of smart sensors in a city or town is noble as it helps the government improve on security for its citizens. This is possible since smart sensors capture data and transmits it in real time (Hu Hao, 2013). The information captured by the network of sensors is analyzed and used by various government agencies to make the appropriate decision according to the situation at hand. The data captured from the various sensors deployed provides an incessant flow of information that is used to make decisions in real time and report emergencies if they occur. Sensor networks are able to measure and track all the activities happening within their sphere making it possible to provide spot on security services for example, when the network of smart sensors transmit information about an incident in the city like a peaceful protest that escalates to become violent, security personnel can be deployed to contain the protesters. Smart sensors can also improve on the efficiency and sustainability of infrastructure. Having smart sensors on water and gas lines makes it possible to detect if there are any leaks. Smart sensor on power lines, traffic lights, street lights makes it easy for surveillance of these systems making it easy to make decisions based on the information received (Khan, Pathan Alrajeh, 2016). Smart sensors when used in waste collection and disposal makes it easy to manage the waste. Smart sensors make it easy to manage the systems and save on costs. Smart sensors can also be used in assisted parking to make the lives of the citizens easy. Where there are smart sensors there is a lot of surveillance involved. Smart sensors capture and track anything and everything in the places where they are deployed (Ammari, 2014). Because the network of smart sensors captures anything and everything, it raises concerns about privacy. Though the government downplays matters privacy, it is a major concern for citizens. Citizens want to operate freely without fear of the big brother. Citizens want social privacy and data privacy. Citizens want privacy to their data, behaviour and actions, communication, location and personal space, association, image and their thoughts and feelings. Availability of smart sensors in public places enables government agencies to collect an immeasurable amount of data about their citizens and visitors (Sun Hong, 2014). The data collected about citizens and visitors can be transmitted to other interest groups without necessarily seeking the opinion of the individuals. This is a breach of the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (PDPA) which grants the citizens the right to access and correct data about them since they have the right to know what information is contained about them and how this information is used. The Personal Data Protection Act also governs how organizations collect, use and disclose personal data. With the availability of a network of smart sensors, it is possible to collect large amounts of personal data about residents and visitors. Disclosure and use of this data raises concerns of privacy which need to be addressed to maintain peoples trust in organizations collecting this data. People have the right of privacy to their location and personal space. With the use of smart network sensors, it is possible to accurately locate a person (Kooijman, 2015). It is even possible to construct their activities throughout the day. It is possible to track a person from the time they leave their house till the time they go back to the house. This is possible since as they leave the house, they come across IP cameras installed strategically in various places. As they move towards town, the traffic lights with facial recognition are able to identify them and transmit their movements. The CCTv cameras found in various joints like restaurants, supermarkets and shops can be used to construct the movements of people (Sebastiano, Breems Makinwa, 2013. This shows that movements of people are under watch and someone with access to the network of smart sensors is able to watch every step they make. There are a series of sensor boxes at Wi-Fi hotspots, introduction of a heterogeneous network where smartphones can seamlessly switch between mobile data and Wi-Fi. This improves communication considerably since residents and visitors are able to keep their devices connected at all times. However, this raises concerns on the privacy of communication. Sensor boxes found in Wi-Fi hotspots are able to sift information that people are sending over these networks. This means that whatever information sent by residents and visitors over these networks are subject for scrutiny so as to distinguish the good and bad communication. Surveillance of these networks may be justified by the fact that cybercrime is on the rise today therefore making it necessary for all digital content to be evaluated (Benhaddou Al-Fuqaha, 2015). This however infringes into the rights of innocent persons who have no business with cyber criminals and terrorists. People have the right of association. People are allowed to join organizations of their liking. TheFreedom of Association and Protection allows workers and employers join organizations of their own choice without external influence (Havel, 2016). People are also allowed to take part in the activities of their individual groups as long as they do not interfere with other folks. With the availability of smart sensors, it is possible to track the activities of various groups. Some groups of questionable activities may be targets of government agencies. These groups of interest to the government may be closely monitored by the government with or without their consent though it is their right to assemble and carry out their activities without external intervention according to The Freedom of Association Act (1948). This profiling is a breach of their right to associate and carry out their activities. People have the right of privacy to their thoughts and feelings. They are allowed to express themselves as long as it is not in a way that is demeaning to another person. It is good of people to watch what they post online knowing too well that they should ensure safety as well as recognize and deal with online bullying be it as targets or witnesses. Technology today has made it possible to pass information quickly and efficiently to other people using various platforms like electronic mail, social media and the Internet. There is however concerns since the activities carried out by people over these digital networks can easily be monitored by government agencies. Smart sensors networks are able to collect the data we post online and construct it to possibly identify the individual of interest (Selmic, Phoha Serwadda, 2016). With the existence of wireless sensor networks it is possible to collect and construct information that can be used to identify the digital identity of a person. The things we post online, the websites we visit, the online surveys we take part in and other online related activities are all monitored and this information stored somewhere. The information can be stored by government agencies or even advertisement companies who may use this data as they so please without necessarily making the persons profiled aware. This information can include sensitive information like location, credit card numbers, medical records or even national security number. Heterogeneous network Heterogeneous networks are designed to take care of the varied needs of users since network environments are never the same (Wang, Cui Guo, 2014). The availability of heterogeneous networks provides seamless switching between mobile data and Wi-Fi. The heterogeneous network is part of the Singapore Governments plan to ensure that both visitors and residents get connection to their devices at all times. Heterogeneous network makes it possible for users using wireless connectivity to access different technologies like Wi-Fi and mobile data. The series of sensors found in the Wi-Fi hotspots would affect the privacy of both residents and visitors (Langendoen, Ferrari, Zimmerling and Mottola, 2014) since the government agencies are able to access and dissect through the communications of these people using the series of sensors deployed. This would make those people aware of this fact reluctant to share their sensitive information using their digital devices (Langendeoen et al., 2014). Heterogeneous networks provide flexibility so that users of various existing networks can access the network more efficiently and in a cost-effective manner (Marabissi Fantacci, 2015). Heterogeneous networks provide uniform coverage and provide high quality and spot-free network provision Hu and Qian (2013) thereby improving the system throughput and boosting its capacity making it desirable for densely populated areas and business districts. Heterogeneous networks also boost availability and uniformity in access for users. There is also high data rates made possible by the existence of coordinated small cells that guarantee grander and seamless user experience. Digital identity Digital identity is the system or Internet identity comparable to the genuine identity of a man or even an entity like an enterprise or government. Digital identity is used as proof where one has to input their credentials in their personal computers, mobile phones or other personal gadgets like tabs, personal digital assistants before they are able to access and use these systems and devices (Cover, 2015). One needs to authenticate and value their identities before they can be able to use their digital identity. Digital identity consists of various attributes like a username and password, online search activities, purchasing history and characteristics. Digital identities can be used to improve the security and privacy of individuals. Mukhopadhyay and Jiang (2013) mention that individuals are able to maintain their digital identities by implementing the right security measures. The use of two-factor authentication can improve the security of the accounts containing our digital identities. Two-factor authentication provides an extra layer of security since it requires the use of a unique identifier sent to the users as a one-time-pin to their cell phones. The one-time-pin is then used to verify the system together with the user name and password. Steps to enhance security and privacy Cryptography is a good way for residents and visitors to implement so as to protect themselves from unauthorized access that may breach their security, privacy or both. Encryption stores the information in a scrambled form that is not readable unless someone has the decryption key (Stallings, 2013). Encryption uses an algorithm that makes use of an encryption key and a decryption key. According to Stallings (2013), a hash function can also be applied to encrypt data or the mobile device. When residents and visitors make use of encryption, the government agencies and criminals will have to go an extra mile in order to decrypt and possibly access their data. Using applications that make use of encryption like WhatsApp which uses end-to-end encryption therefore making communication between its users secure. The advantages of using cryptography are; maintenance of confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. However, there are some downsides of using cryptography with the main one being access for even limited users in the scenario where they forget their credentials. Westcott Coleman (2015) also identify that cryptography does not take care of other vulnerabilities like poor design of systems and social engineering methods that exploit human weaknesses therefore it is not fool-proof. It is also important for people to check their privacy settings. This traverses many areas of phone use like browser settings, accounts settings and third party applications. It is important that one read the privacy policy before installing third party applications. They should also check through the settings of the browsers they use in their phones so as to determine whatever they allow others to view. By doing all these; checking privacy settings, viewing and disabling any sensitive permission they grant third party applications and properly configuring their browsers, the users ensure that they are in control of what they directly share with the world and other people (Olga, 2015). This can however interfere with the functionality of their devices since some applications may need specific permissions to work better. Where there is a wrong configuration of their devices, the devices will not perform to optimality therefore interfering with the quality of service they receive. The third party applications we install are also a way that can be used to collect information about us. The types of applications we install in our phones speak a lot about our likes and preferences. These applications also come with special permissions that they need you to grant them upon installation. A good example is an application that acts as a flashlight and requires permission to access network connection and precise location using GPS and the network. This leaves you wondering what a flashlight will need GPS location for to work. It is also important to install these third party applications from trusted sources to avoid installing applications that may perform malicious activities in our digital devices. To protect themselves, one can also make use of a virtual private network. Virtual private networks do not communicate the websites we visit but route the traffic through different servers of selection (Inamdar, 2016). Virtual private networks create a further layer of security and privacy by masking the IP address of our devices and spoofing our location. Virtual private networks also make use of encryption and encryption protocols like IP security, secure socket layers, layer 2 tunneling protocol and point-to point tunneling protocol to offer differing levels of security. Virtual private networks are a good tool in keeping our information and communications secure. However, the companies that provide virtual private networks services can work with the government and government agencies to disclose data upon request. This is a major breach in the privacy of users who might be directly or indirectly affected by these actions. Cookies are a way that can be used to identify someone by using them to trace the online habits of a person. Cookies are managed and stored by our web browsers. Cookies can be used by advertising companies to send target adverts. They can also be used by tracking networks to sell browsing data to interested entities. Cookies store bits of information like login details, personalized content like our shopping habits or travel habits, the websites we like visiting the most (Kizza, 2017). This information is available and is collected every time we use the Internet. It is therefore necessary to configure and set our web browsers to ensure that we check the permission we have granted the cookies. The advantage of managing cookies is that we control whatever we share with the outside world through the online environment. Disabling of cookies may however interfere with the working of some websites and in them providing a more personalized experience as we go about our online business of br owsing and surfing. As much as I am convinced of the benefits brought about by the deployment of smart sensors, they leave several unanswered questions. The existence of smart network sensors makes it possible for our governments and the relevant authorities to act promptly on any possible threats perceived thereby better protecting their citizens. However, constant and consistent surveillance of its citizens and visitors begs the question whether our actions and thoughts are free from scrutiny by government agencies. Are people allowed to operate freely without the watch of the big brother? It is therefore important to note that in as much as we would like to keep our affairs private and secure when it comes to matters digital, there is always a very thin line between these two. References Abraham, A., Falcon, R. and Koeppen, M. (2017).Computational intelligence in wireless sensor networks : recent advances and future challenges / Ajith Abraham, Rafael Falcon, Mario Koeppen, Editors. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. Ammari, H. M. (2014).The Art of Wireless Sensor Networks: Volume 1: Fundamentals. Berlin, Heidelberg: Imprint: Springer. Behera, H., Mohapatra, D. (2016).Computational Intelligence in Data Mining. New Delhi: Springer India. Benhaddou, D., Al-Fuqaha, A. (2015).Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Vehicular and Space Applications. Cover, R. (2015).Digital identities: Creating and communicating the online self. Havel, Harvey. (2016).Freedom of Association. America Star Books. Hu, F. and Hao, Q. (2013).Intelligent sensor networks. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Hu, R. Q., In Qian, Y. (2013).Heterogeneous cellular networks. Inamdar, G. (2016).IKEv2 IPsec Virtual Private Networks. [S.l.]: Cisco Press. Lakhtaria, K. I. (2015).Next generation wireless network security and privacy. Khan, S., Pathan, A. and Alrajeh, N. (2016).Wireless Sensor Networks. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Kizza, J. M. (2017).Guide to Computer Network Security. Cham: Springer. Kooijman, M. (2015).Building wireless sensor networks using Arduino. Birmingham: Packt. Langendoen, K., Hu, W., Ferrari, F., Zimmerling, M., Mottola, L. (2014).Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks: Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop, REALWSN 2013, Como (Italy), September 19-20, 2013. Cham: Imprint: Springer. Marabissi, D., Fantacci, R. (2015).Cognitive interference management in heterogeneous networks. Mukhopadhyay, S. C., Jiang, J.-A. (2013).Wireless sensor networks and ecological monitoring. Berlin: Springer. Olga, L. (2015).Basics of network security: Part 2. Poellabauer, C. and Dargie, W. (2013).Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sebastiano, F., Breems, L., Makinwa, K. (2013).Mobility-based time references for wireless sensor networks. New York: Springer. Selmic, R., Phoha, V., Serwadda, A. (2016).Wireless Sensor Networks: Security, Coverage, and Localization. Stallings, W. (2013).Cryptography and network security: Principles and practice. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Sun, L., Ma, H., Hong, F. (2014).Advances in Wireless Sensor Networks: 7th China Conference, CWSN 2013, Qingdao, China, October 17-19, 2013. Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Wang, X., Cui, L., Guo, Z. (2014).Advanced Technologies in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks: Proceedings of the 7th China Conference on Wireless Networks. Westcott, D. A., Coleman, D. D. (2015).CWNA certified wireless network administrator. Yang, S.-H. (2014).Wireless sensor networks: Principles, design and applications.

Structural Features of Compare and Contrast Essay

Structural Features of Compare and Contrast Essay Persuasive essays are written to convince the target audience to share in a writer’s worldview. The writer can either decide to oppose or propose a topic. In each case, sound arguments have to be expressed to strengthen the topic. The writer has to deeply nurture understanding among readers. This is by stressing the reliability of the adopted standpoint and the unreliability of the countered standpoint. The thesis statement must also increase readers’ faith in the persuasive essay. A persuasive essay furnished with a strong thesis accomplishes the intended purpose. A strong thesis realizes the following: Gives readers a clear explanation of the essay’s key message. Ensures the essay retains rationality entirely. Below is a list of tips on writing a strong thesis for a persuasive essay. 1. Write a precise thesis A strong thesis informs readers of the purpose of the persuasive essay accurately. It adopts a thoughtful attitude in revealing arguments. The readers do not strain to understand what the writer is really talking about. A strong thesis example- online marketing has more power than traditional marketing methods because it overcomes geographical barriers in creating awareness about education opportunities in colleges. 2. Integrate an opinion A persuasive essay writing process requires expression of an authentic and sound opinion by a writer. Writers should write a thesis only if certain they have established a great opinion about the topic of concern. It is essential because a claim must be evident in the thesis. It should have the ability to be challenged by readers. Evaluating whether thesis statement has the potential to be challenged should be done. It is one way of finding out if strong thesis has been written. If it is discovered that the thesis is a mere presentation of facts that cannot be disputed, it is a sign of a weak thesis. 3. Include evidence Evidence is included to support a writer’s opinion in a thesis statement. Evidence adds weight to the thesis. It displays a writer’s wealth of information about the topic of discussion. When evidence is used, it is less difficult for a writer to persuade readers to accept his standpoint. The reader develop confidence in the topic which is sustained until the end. Sometimes a thesis can involve advancing an argument that readers are not conversant with. To maintain its credibility, evidence can be included and the claim made afterwards. Highlight the evidence first increases awareness among readers. They are able to establish to connect with the essay. 4. Address the why and how questions This is one technique of writing a strong thesis. It makes a thesis focused and practical. Failure to address either of these questions destabilizes the power of a thesis. The earlier example about online marketing and traditional marketing given in point number meets this requirement. It explains why online marketing is effective in contrast to the old-style marketing. The supremacy of a persuasive essay is not determined by how many arguments are advanced. It is the writing style that strengthens the arguments. One determinant that boosts the writing style is a well written thesis statement as explained in the aforementioned tips. Writers should continuously employ the tips to sway the mode of thinking of readers towards their perceptions.

Free Essays on The Myth Of Popular Participation

â€Å"The Myth of Popular Participation in the Revolutionary War† 1. On which side, if any, were your ancestors during the American Revolution? Why? Given your political ideas today, on which side would you probably have been? Why? I took the time to ask my family what they might know of where our ancestors would have stood when it came to the American Revolution and I was surprised by the information that I was able to acquire. My mother’s family was not part of this country until very recently. Her father was the first of his family o be born in the United States and her mother during world war two to become a United States citizen. The information however for my father’s side was more interesting it seems that not long ago his maternal aunt did a whole genealogy, prior to it become the fad it is today, and published it in a book. I was unable to find a copy of this book and the copy my grandmother had was in a very fragile state. I was able however to get some valuable information from them. It seems that one relative was either sent to the colonies or beheaded for be part of a party trying to over throw the crown. After that my relatives seems to show mostly as pro-Americans they even later o n founded their own town; Harrisburg, Indiana and became president William and Benjamin Harrison. My own feelings about the American Revolution tend to follow that of my father’s family. Though the country we live in today may not be what the revolutionists had in mind. It is something to be proud of and though we have a long road ahead of us it was worth the fight. 2. Why did the myth of a powerful, patriotic militia emerge? What kept it alive for so long? The myth of patriotic militia emerged because the image of â€Å"ordinary citizens† taking up arms to fend of the â€Å"horrible† redcoats was something to be honored and remembered. The country needed a way to appeal to the those â€Å"ordinary citizens.† Without their support ... Free Essays on The Myth Of Popular Participation Free Essays on The Myth Of Popular Participation â€Å"The Myth of Popular Participation in the Revolutionary War† 1. On which side, if any, were your ancestors during the American Revolution? Why? Given your political ideas today, on which side would you probably have been? Why? I took the time to ask my family what they might know of where our ancestors would have stood when it came to the American Revolution and I was surprised by the information that I was able to acquire. My mother’s family was not part of this country until very recently. Her father was the first of his family o be born in the United States and her mother during world war two to become a United States citizen. The information however for my father’s side was more interesting it seems that not long ago his maternal aunt did a whole genealogy, prior to it become the fad it is today, and published it in a book. I was unable to find a copy of this book and the copy my grandmother had was in a very fragile state. I was able however to get some valuable information from them. It seems that one relative was either sent to the colonies or beheaded for be part of a party trying to over throw the crown. After that my relatives seems to show mostly as pro-Americans they even later o n founded their own town; Harrisburg, Indiana and became president William and Benjamin Harrison. My own feelings about the American Revolution tend to follow that of my father’s family. Though the country we live in today may not be what the revolutionists had in mind. It is something to be proud of and though we have a long road ahead of us it was worth the fight. 2. Why did the myth of a powerful, patriotic militia emerge? What kept it alive for so long? The myth of patriotic militia emerged because the image of â€Å"ordinary citizens† taking up arms to fend of the â€Å"horrible† redcoats was something to be honored and remembered. The country needed a way to appeal to the those â€Å"ordinary citizens.† Without their support ...

Analysis of Heraldic Shield Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Heraldic Shield - Essay Example While designing, this heraldic shield I have thought on various dimensions of human personality. A heraldic shield usually represent, differ rent aspect of human personality like courage, honesty, beauty, grace and charisma. So, in order o reflect all these qualities, I chose couple of birds, animals, plant, tree, colors and a motto. I understand that every shield should represent rich message to people who view it. A heraldic shield is represents the vigor and pride of an organization, military unit or any other professional institution. Symbols and its interpretation First symbol on the shield is lion and it is an animal known as the king of the jungle and is popularly known for its royal status. Here the shield is held by lion because it is depicting the strength and royalty one needs to imbibe in their personality to build a good future. Lion is always bold in its attitude and every person must have the eagerness to learn from the lion to be bold in every facets of life. Lion als o portrays pride, protective nature and braveness. Seeing these qualities in Lion, one should learn to look up to lion and transform oneself into brave personality. In the same manner, other animal which is holding the shield is unicorn . First and foremost the white color of unicorn is a sign of chastity, purity and virginity. This gives a message to people that one need to be pure and virgin in thoughts . According to (Martin,2010)â€Å"To encounter a Unicorn, a person must find a place of true love in their heart. Unicorns have many traits and characteristics, and they mean many things to different people†. . In mythology, unicorn is a symbol of chivalry and it’s portrays the qualities of proud, untamable nature and unique status. Moreover the horn of unicorn resembles the weapon of Christ and one who has faith in Christianity. A unicorns also resembles a girls’ virginity and hence a girl should always maintain her purity Another beautiful symbol which is pro jected in the heraldic shield is Swan a heavenly bird. Swan is a bird which is said to be heavenly and popular for its beauty and elegance. This elegant nature of Swan conveys the message to the people to be elegant and gracious. The swan spread a symbolic message of love, grace and beauty to the people in total. A swan means appealing beauty, attractiveness and romance. Swan gives an idea to the people that one should always try to remain beautiful in and out and gracious like them. Swan has the strength of beautifying any environment it is in and this attribute of swan communicate to the people to remain calm and serene in any environment they are in. Another gracious bird which decorates the shield is peacock. It's a well-known fact that the peacock is the most beautiful bird on earth and it is known for its colorful and shiny feathers and dancing quality. When a peacock dances, everybody sways in the festive mood of the bird. As per (Augustine, 2012)â€Å"The characteristics of a peacock are extravagant, making it easy to differentiate between him, his female counterpart and other types of birds†. Here the peacock refers to the symbol of vanity and fanciness. It represents the core attribute of women, who is always craving for vanity and glamour. When it comes to the charm of my heraldic shield, it is enhanced by the inclusion of rose. Rose is one of the most beautiful plants in whole of earth because of its beauty and mesmerizing fragrance. Throughout the human history, very few flowers had the luck to be in the hearts of people forever. Rose is often connected to romance, heart, love and passion. A rose symbolizes the passion and desire a man have towards his love interest.  Ã‚  

Race and Gender Roles Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race and Gender Roles - Movie Review Example The reflective lyrics makes Knowles envision herself in the role of her disregarding guy as is in the lyrics "I'd put myself first/ And make the rules as I go/ 'Cause I know that she'd be faithful/ Waitin' for me to come home." However, the wife is shown to be relentlessly trying to understand her husband and making excuses for him but it is never the other way around. It shows how a woman feels through the eyes of herself. It uses technique of making the man sit at home and act like a wife by running behind her all the time. If it were shot otherwise, the wife may not have looked as dismal and ignored as a husband did in this video. This fact not only shows the perspectives the society has long built up but also the insensitive attitude toward them. According to a review: "The lyrics are both a lament for misunderstanding between the genders and an indictment of the male side of relationships. It's a perfect follow up to the independent attitude of B'Day and lays the groundwork for another exploration of what it means to be a woman in the world today. The pain of experience is palpable counter-balanced somewhat by a sense of hope that progress can still be made." The video disregards any observable aspects race may have played in such a situation.

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently Assignment

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently - Assignment Example The word apparently is representative of an act of cognition because it demonstrates the speaker’s state of mind and conveys what he or she thinks, believes or even guesses based on information received or observed indirectly. As Briton (1996) explains, words demonstrating an act of cognition are generally associated with a mental construction of â€Å"evidential markers from verbs of cognition† which are â€Å"analogous to the development of hearsay, sensory, and inferential evidential from verbs of perception† which mean â€Å"hear, see, and feel† (p. 243). Therefore the word apparently is a construction of information observed by the speaker. The speaker is not conveying infinitive information, but rather an information that is not only indirect but open to challenge. From a cognition perspective, there is always the possibility that the speaker is misinformed or has erroneously interpreted information observed or overheard. The mode of knowing is obvious in the use of the word apparently. Implicitly, the speaker is not conveying direct knowledge of a fact but rather an inference is drawn from information. The use of the word apparently is demonstrative of the speaker’s unwillingness to commit to a definitive conclusion but rather a willingness to offer an interpretation or perception of the information received or observed (Brinton, 1996). The speaker limits the information to an inferential form and is thus manifesting a degree of uncertainty by using the word apparently and failing to assert unequivocally that the information observed or received can be conclusively stated. Faller (2002) describes what is known as the reportative marker. The reportative marker is relevant to the word apparently because it offers a contradictory stance on the part of the speaker.  

Analysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and Production

Analysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and Production Vietnams economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, with its real gross domestic product (GDP) growing 7.7% in 2004 and 8.4% in 2005. Growth is forecast at 8.0% in 2006. Vietnam has had Normal Trade Relations status with the United States since late 2001, with 2002 marking the first time Vietnam shipped more goods to the United States than to Japan. Despite rising exports, Vietnam currently runs a slight trade deficit, but is projected to begin having trade surpluses by 2007. Much of Vietnams large rural population relies heavily on non-commercial biomass energy sources such as wood, dung, and rice husks. As a result, Vietnams per capita commercial energy consumption ranks among the lowest in Asia. The countrys commercial energy consumption is predicted to rise in coming years, primarily due to increases in the use of natural gas. Vietnam claims ownership of a portion of the potentially hydrocarbon-rich Spratly Islands, as do the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, and Taiwan. Vietnam, China, and the Philippines agreed in March 2005 to conduct a joint seismic survey for potential oil and natural gas reserves in a portion of the disputed area. Vietnam also claims the Paracel Islands, which China first occupied in 1974. Oil: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.). Enlarge: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.) Vietnam has 600 million barrels of proven oil reserves, according to data from Oil and Gas Journal, but that total is likely to increase as exploration continues. Crude oil production averaged 370,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2005, down somewhat from the 403,000 bbl/d level achieved in 2004. Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hang Ngoc, Dai Hung (Big Bear), and Su Tu Den (Ruby) are the largest oil producing fields in the country. Although it is a significant oil producer, Vietnam remains reliant on imports of petroleum products due to a lack of refining capacity. Overall, Vietnam had net exports of 111,000 bbl/d of oil in 2005. Most of Vietnams crude oil is exported to refiners in Japan, Singapore, and South Korea. Vietnams largest oil producer is Vietsovpetro (VSP), a joint venture (JV) between PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft of Russia. VSP operates Vietnams largest oil field, Bach Ho. Other foreign partners include ConocoPhillips, BP, Petronas, and Talisman Energy. Following the October 2003 commencement of drilling operations in the Su Tu Den (Black Lion) crude field, PetroVietnam reported increasing production volumes. PetroVietnams April 2003 discovery of an oil deposit in Dai Hung, estimated to have a capacity of 6,300 bbl/d, was expected to further increase Vietnamese production. The decline in production overall from 2004 to 2005 was primarily the result of declining production at the Bach Ho field. The planned development of several new oil fields in coming years is expected to increase Vietnamese production. A new well at Block 15-1s Su Tu Trang (White Lion) field flowed 8,682 bbl/d in early 2004 and is scheduled to be developed by 2008. In October 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration (35 percent interest), Idemitsu Kosan (35 percent), and Teikoku Oil (30 percent) announced plans to fund the development of Blocks 05.1b and 05.1c in the Nam Con Son Basin. Two months later, the Korean National Oil Corporation (KNOC), along with several Korean partners, finalized terms for the $300 million development of Block 11-2, which includes the Flying Orchid Field. PetroVietnam has a 25 percent interest in the joint venture. Exploration in Vietnam continues to yield new discoveries. In 2002, large oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) fields. SOCO Vietnam estimates that its Ca Ngu Vang well may contain up to 250 million barrels of oil. In July 2004, VSP discovered new stocks of oil in its Dragon field. Three months later, a joint venture comprised of American Technologies, Petronas, Singapore Petroleum, and PetroVietnam announced a 100-million-barrel oil discovery off Vietnams northeast coast. In September 2004, the Vietnamese government offered nine exploration blocks in the Phu Khanh basin off its southern coast. In November 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration, Idemitsu Kosan, and Teikoku Oil signed an agreement to explore in two offshore blocks southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. They plan to drill a test well in 2006 and complete exploration by 2007. In December 2004, Talisman Energy was awarded the right to conduct exploration in the Cuu Long Basin, and received additional acreage in an adjacent area in April 2005. ONGC of India was awarded drilling rights in the deepwater Block 127 in the Phu Khanh Basinoff Vietnams central coast in October 2005. ChevronTexaco also received acreage in the Phu Khanh Basin in the most recent round of awards, with an award for Block 122 in October 2005. PetroVietnams storage and transportation division, Petrolimex, recently completed a new oil storage facility in the central Khanh Hoa province. The depot is largest in the country, with a total storage capacity of 3.68 million barrels. Refining: Vietnam is in the process of building its first refinery. The $1.5 billion Dung Quat Refinery, located in Quang Ngai province, will have a crude distillation capacity of approximately 140,000 bbl/d. After several years of delays in financing the project, construction finally began in November 2005. Commercial operation of the refinery is expected to begin in early 2009. Vietnams distribution infrastructure is discontinuous, with the north and south of the country functioning largely as separate markets. Completion of the Dung Quat Refinery, located in the center of the country, should lead to greater interaction between the regions. A second refinery project is under consideration at Nghi Son, north of Hanoi in the Thanh Hoa province. The Vietnamese government has estimated the 150,000 bbl/d plant will cost $3 billion. In August 2004, Mitsubishi Corporation agreed to participate in building Nghi Son for completion in 2010. In December 2004, Vietnam contracted the International Business Company (IBC) of the British Virgin Islands to conduct a feasibility study for a third oil refinery, to be located at Vung Ro in the southern Phu Yen province. The Vietnamese government hopes to complete the refinery within 12 years. Natural Gas: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Enlarge: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Vietnam has proven gas reserves of 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), according to Oil and Gas Journal. Vietnams natural gas production and consumption have been rising rapidly since the late 1990s, with further increases expected as additional fields come onstream. Natural gas is currently produced entirely for domestic consumption. The Cuu Long basin offshore from the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, a source of associated gas from oil production, is the largest Vietnamese natural gas production area. Only two fields in Vietnam have been developed specifically for their natural gas potential: Tien Hai, with a potential output of 1.76 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d); and Lan Tay/Lan Do of Nam Con Son, which began producing over 5 Mmcf/d in 2002. In the Nam Con Son Basin, a $565 million, 230-mile pipeline was completed in June 2002 connecting the Lan Tay and Lan Do fields to the mainland at Vung Tau. The Nam Con Son project consists of five subsea wells linked to a production platform and a pipeline leading to an onshore treatment plant. Gas is piped to three generating plants at the Phu My industrial complex, where electricity is provided primarily to areas surrounding Ho Chi Minh City. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government announced that output from Nam Con Son was expected to reach 88 billion cubic feet (Bcf), exceeding planned production by 90%. The project currently supplies the Phu My 1, Phu My 3, Phu My 2.1 power plants and the extended Phu My 2.1 plant. Phu My 2.2 will begin using output from the field soon thereafter. In December 2002, a consortium headed by Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) signed an agreement to install facilities to pump and supply 130 Mmcf/d of natural gas to Vietnam. The natural gas, located in the Rong Doi and Rong Doi Tay fields on Block 11-2 of the Nam Con Son Basin, is sold to PetroVietnam under a 23-year contract. PetroVietnam resells most this volume to Electricity of Vietnam (EVN). Production at the fields began in mid-2005. In December 2004, KNOC and PetroVietnam signed agreements to further exploit natural gas in both Blocks 11 and 12. Construction of an additional pipeline to bring ashore natural gas from block 11 began in October 2005, and is scheduled for completion in October 2006. The Su Tu Den and Rang Dong oil fields, both of which have considerable Vietnamese reserves of associated natural gas, are located near the 62-mile pipeline from the Bach Ho field. An estimated 60 Mmcf/d of gas from the fields is earmarked for consumption in power plants in southern Vietnam. Both TotalFinaElf and ChevronTexaco (originally Unocal) have found natural gas in exploratory drilling of the Malay basin. Additionally, Talisman Energy has found natural gas at the Cai Nuoc field in block 46. The discovery is close to block PM-3-CAA, which straddles the maritime border with Malaysia, and is expected to contain up to 100 Bcf of recoverable gas reserves. A contract was awarded to McDermott International in March 2006 for construction of a 200-mile pipeline, which will transport natural gas from the PM3-CAA block to Ca Mau province in southern Vietnam. It is scheduled for completion in 2007. In December 2004, PetroVietnam announced that it was reconsidering the $70 million Phu My gas pipeline project from Phu My to Nhon Trach due to increased expenses associated with land costs in compensation areas. The pipeline was initially planned to transport associated gas from the Bach Ho and Rong fields for power generation. Coal: Vietnam contains coal reserves estimated at 165 million short tons (Mmst), the majority of which is anthracite. Production has increased dramatically over the last decade, with Vietnam producing over 18 Mmst in 2003. As a result, Vietnam exported a record 7 Mmst of coal, primarily to Japan and China, in 2003. Although Vietnam has historically relied on hydropower for electricity, it has recently promoted the construction of coal-fired power plants. Vinocoal plans to build eight coal-fueled thermal power plants with a total capacity of 2,900 megawatts (MW) by 2010. Six are currently in various stages of planning and construction. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government approved Vinacoals proposal to invest in a 200-MW, coal-fired thermal power plant in the Son Dong district. The plant is scheduled to begin operation in 2007. Coal-fired power plants are expected to eventually account for 25% of Vietnams total electricity production. The Vietnamese government estimates that 10.2 Mms t of coal is needed per year to meet increasing domestic demand, projected at 20,000 MW by 2010. Vietnam continues to exploit new coal reserves within its borders. In March 2003, a significant coal bed was discovered in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. Vinacoal plans to use the reserve for thermal power plants. In October 2004, Vinacoal entered talks with Chinas Fujian Province Coal Industry Corporation to jointly exploit the Bac Coc Sau mine in the Quang Ninh province. Electricity: Vietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Enlarge: Vietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Although Vietnams per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Asia, demand has risen in recent years, straining the countrys limited generating capacity. Rapid commercial sector growth, population migration to major cities, and elevated living standards have all contributed to a growing demand for electricity. In 2003, Vietnam had a total electric generating capacity of 8.8 gigawatts (GW) and generated 39.7 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, of which 52 percent was hydropower. Electricity demand in Vietnam is forecast to grow 15 percent per year until 2010. Vietnam currently buys power from China to prevent shortages in the north, and plans to begin purchasing from Laos in 2008. The majority of thermal electricity generation in Vietnam depends on coal-fired plants, though natural gas use is expanding. EVNs Pha Lai is the largest coal-fired power project in Vietnam, with the second of two 300-MW units coming into service in 2003. In order to meet increased demand, construction or expansion is planned for 32 power stations (7,547 MW) before 2010. The state power company, Elà ©ctricità © of Vietnam (EVN), plans to commission 16 hydropower plants by 2010 and increased capacity at the Uong Bi coal-fired plant to 400 MW in 2005. Vinacoal also has plans to construct eight additional coal-fired power plants. Vietnam currently has five hydroelectric expansions underway. The countrys Son La project, which began construction in late 2005, is anticipated to have a generating capacity of 2,400 megawatts (MW) by 2012, will be the largest hydroelectric project in Vietnam when completed. In September 2004, construction began on the Ban Ve hydroelectric power plant, expected to begin operations in 2008. EVN began work on four additional hydroelectric projects in late 2004. The Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4, both located in the Central Highlands region, are expected to be completed within four years and to provide approximately 520 MW of generating capacity. In December 2004, EVN began construction of the Se San 4 hydropower plant in the central highlands provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum. The plant is anticipated to have a capacity of 330 MW and to generate 1,390 million kWh per year. Vietnam also plans to build three additional plants in the region before 2010. In March 2004, EVN announced plans to spend $1.3 billion to build and refurbish power plants with a combined capacity of 1,510 MW. The projects include the combined cycle power plant Phu My 2.1, the hydroelectric facility Can Don, the Phu My 3 and Phu My 4 thermal plants, and Na Duong. Additional projects include the Song Ba Ha, Bac Binh, Se San 4, Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4 hydrostations, the Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh extension, and the O Mon 600-MW thermal plant. The development of natural gas-fired plants in the Phu My complex of the Ba Ria-Vung Tau province has helped to offset Vietnams heavy reliance on hydropower, which can be vulnerable to disruption when monsoon rainfall is unusually low. In March 2003, the 720-MW Phu My 3 power plant commenced operations. The $450 million plant, owned by a consortium led by UKs BP, was Vietnams first foreign-invested, build-operate-transfer (BOT) project. EVN has contracted to purchase the output under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Mitsubishi received an award in February 2006 for the construction of a 330-MW natural gas-fired power plant in the southern Mekong delta. The plant will come online in early 2009, running initially on fuel oil, and switching to natural gas when pipeline infrastructure is completed. More foreign companies are beginning to enter the growing Vietnamese power market in the form of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects. EVN and a consortium including Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO), Sumitomo, and Elà ©ctricità © de France (EdF) began BOT construction of the Mekong Deltas 715-MW Phu My 2-2 in January 2003. The plant is fueled by gas from Nam Con Son Basin. EVN plans to develop a national electricity grid by 2020 by patching together several regional grids. The countrys distribution infrastructure is poorly maintained, but has benefited from recent improvements. A North-South power cable transmits electricity from Vietnams largest generator, the Hoa Binh hydropower plant in the North, to large population centers in the South, linking the country into one electricity grid and helping alleviate electricity shortages in Ho Chi Minh City. The $56 million project was funded by the World Bank. Vietnam is considering the construction of a 500-KV, 188-mile power line from Pleiku to Danang city at a cost of $130 million. The Vietnamese government has estimated that an additional 9,300 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and 173,600 miles of medium- and low-voltage transmission lines will be necessary to accommodate new capacity by 2010. In September 2004, EVN announced plans to invest $330 million over five years to upgrade transmission lin es surrounding Hanoi. Vietnam plans to complete its first nuclear power plant by 2020 as an alternate means on meeting demand. In December 2004, the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology submitted a pre-feasibility study for the 2,000-megawatt (MW) nuclear plant to the National Assembly. Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural Gas: Where Fossil Fuels Come From: There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. Carboniferous gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels. The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants. Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex. But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For more about the various geologic eras, go to www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html. As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary. More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas. Coal: Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal peat is still found in many countries and is also used as an energy source. The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a stone that could burn. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and throughout the rest of the world. Coal is mined out of the ground using various methods. Some coal mines are dug by sinking vertical or horizontal shafts deep under ground, and coal miners travel by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip away the top layers above the coal. The layers are then restored after the coal is taken away. The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and mixed with water to make whats called a slurry. This is then pumped many miles through pipelines. At the other end, the coal is used to fuel power plants and other factories. Oil or Petroleum: Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the Picture of oil formationsize of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy. Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt (pitch) collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light. The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps. In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washingtons troops how to treat frostbite with oil. As our country grew, the demand for oil continued to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to replace whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes just as the Native Americans did. Then on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used today all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface. Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. Its similar to how a small, throw carpet will bunch up in places on the floor. To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship. Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in California. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from California wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the countrymost of it from the Middle East. Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used. Refineries: Oil is stored in large tanks until it is sent to various places to be used. At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by heating the thick black oil. Oil is made into many different products fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that holds your milk, the plastic pen that you write with. They all came from oil. There are thousands of other products that come from oil. Almost all plastic comes originally from oil. Can you think of some other things made from oil? The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation or jet fuel, home heating oil, oil for ships and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Heres what a barrel of crude oil can make. In California, 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation cars, planes, trucks, buses and motorcycles. Well learn more about transportation energy in Chapter 18. Natural Gas: Sometime between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, especially in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the eternal fires of the fire-worshiping religion of the ancient Persians. Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is mostly made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Its chemical formula is CH4 one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is highly flammable. Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system. Natural gas usually has no odor and you cant see it. Before it is sent to the pipelines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smells almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it easy to smell if there is a leak. Energy Safety Note! If you smell that rotten egg smell in your house, tell your folks and get out of the house quickly. Dont turn on any lights or other electrical devices. A spark from a light switch can ignite the gas very easily. Go to a neighbors house and call 9-1-1 for emergency help. Saving Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels take millions of years to make. We are using up the fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago before the time of the dinosaurs. Once they are gone they are gone. So, its best to not waste fossil fuels. They are not renewable; they cant really be made again. We can save fossil fuels by conserving energy. Natural Gas Distribution System: We learned in Chapter 8 that natural gas is a fossil fuel. It is a gaseous molecule thats made up of two atoms one carbon atom combined with four hydrogen atom. Its chemical formula is CH4. The picture on the right is a model of what the molecule could look like. Dont confuse natural gas with gasoline, which we call gas for short. Like oil, natural gas is found under ground and under the ocean floor. Wells are drilled to tap into natural gas reservoirs just like drilling for oil. Once a drill has hit an area that contains natural gas, it can be brought to the surface through pipes. The natural gas has to get from the wells to us. To do that, there is a huge network of pipelines that brings natural gas from the gas fields to us. Some of these pipes are two feet wide. Natural gas is sent in larger pipelines to power plants to make electricity or to factories because they use lots of gas. Bakeries use natural gas to heat ovens to bake bread, pies, pastries and cookies. Other businesses use natural gas for heating their buildings or heating water. From larger pipelines, the gas goes through smaller and smaller pipes to your neighborhood. In businesses and in your home, the natural gas must first pass through a meter, which measures the amount of fuel going into the building. A gas company worker reads the meter and the company will charge you for the amount of natural gas you used. In some homes, natural gas is used for cooking, heating water and heating the house in a furnace. In rural areas, where there are no natural gas pipelines, propane (another form of gas thats often made when oil is refined) or bottled gas is used instead of natural gas. Propane is also called LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is made up of methane and a mixture with other gases like butane. Propane turns to a liquid when it is placed under slight pressure. For regular natural gas to turn into a liquid, it has to be made very, very cold. Cars and trucks can also use natural gas as a transportation fuel, but they must carry special cylinder-like tanks to hold the fuel. When natural gas is burned to make heat or burned in a cars engine, it burns very cleanly. When you combine natural gas with oxygen (the process of combustion), you produce carbon dioxide and water vapor; plus the energy thats released in heat and light. Some impurities are contained in all natural gas. These include sulphur and butane and other chemicals. When burned, those impurities can create air pollution. The amount of pollution from natural gas is less than burning a more complex fuel like gasoline. Natural gas-powered cars are more than 90 percent cleaner than a gasoline-powered car. Thats why many people feel natural gas would be a good fuel for cars because it burns cleanly. Biomass Energy: Biomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around dead trees, tree branches, yard clippings, left-over crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure. Your trash, paper products that cant be recycled into other paper products, and other household waste are normally sent to the dump. Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on the need for landfills to hold garbage. This stuff nobody seems to want can be used to produce electricity, heat, compost material or fuels. Composting material is decayed plant or food products mixed together in a compost pile and spread to help plants grow. California produces more than 60 million bone dry tons of biomass each year. Of this total, five million bone dry tons is now burned to make electricity. This is biomass from lumber mill wastes, urban wood waste, forest and agricultural residues and other feed stocks. If all of it was used, the 60 million tons of biomass in California could make close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity for Californias growing population and economy. Thats enough energy to make electricity for about two million homes! How biomass works is very simple. The waste wood, tree branches and other scraps are gathered together in big trucks. The trucks bring the waste from factories and from farms to a biomass power plant. Here the biomass is dumped into huge hoppers. This is then fed into a furnace where it is burned. The heat is used to boil water in the boiler, and the energy in the steam is used to turn turbines and generators . Biomass can also be tapped right at the landfill with burning waster products. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Youll remember in chapters 8 and 9 that natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This type of biomass is called landfill gas. A similar thing can be done at animal feed lots. In places where lots of animals are raised, the animals like cattle, cows and even chickens produce manure. When manure decomposes, it also gives off methane gas similar to garbage. This gas can be burned right at the farm to make energy to run the farm. Using biomass can help reduce global warming compared to a fossil fuel-powered plant. Plants use and store carbon dioxide (CO2) when they grow. CO2 stored in the plant is released when th Analysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and Production Analysis of Vietnams Energy Supply and Production Vietnams economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, with its real gross domestic product (GDP) growing 7.7% in 2004 and 8.4% in 2005. Growth is forecast at 8.0% in 2006. Vietnam has had Normal Trade Relations status with the United States since late 2001, with 2002 marking the first time Vietnam shipped more goods to the United States than to Japan. Despite rising exports, Vietnam currently runs a slight trade deficit, but is projected to begin having trade surpluses by 2007. Much of Vietnams large rural population relies heavily on non-commercial biomass energy sources such as wood, dung, and rice husks. As a result, Vietnams per capita commercial energy consumption ranks among the lowest in Asia. The countrys commercial energy consumption is predicted to rise in coming years, primarily due to increases in the use of natural gas. Vietnam claims ownership of a portion of the potentially hydrocarbon-rich Spratly Islands, as do the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, and Taiwan. Vietnam, China, and the Philippines agreed in March 2005 to conduct a joint seismic survey for potential oil and natural gas reserves in a portion of the disputed area. Vietnam also claims the Paracel Islands, which China first occupied in 1974. Oil: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.). Enlarge: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003, internal EIA estimates.) Vietnam has 600 million barrels of proven oil reserves, according to data from Oil and Gas Journal, but that total is likely to increase as exploration continues. Crude oil production averaged 370,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2005, down somewhat from the 403,000 bbl/d level achieved in 2004. Bach Ho (White Tiger), Rang Dong (Dawn), Hang Ngoc, Dai Hung (Big Bear), and Su Tu Den (Ruby) are the largest oil producing fields in the country. Although it is a significant oil producer, Vietnam remains reliant on imports of petroleum products due to a lack of refining capacity. Overall, Vietnam had net exports of 111,000 bbl/d of oil in 2005. Most of Vietnams crude oil is exported to refiners in Japan, Singapore, and South Korea. Vietnams largest oil producer is Vietsovpetro (VSP), a joint venture (JV) between PetroVietnam and Zarubezhneft of Russia. VSP operates Vietnams largest oil field, Bach Ho. Other foreign partners include ConocoPhillips, BP, Petronas, and Talisman Energy. Following the October 2003 commencement of drilling operations in the Su Tu Den (Black Lion) crude field, PetroVietnam reported increasing production volumes. PetroVietnams April 2003 discovery of an oil deposit in Dai Hung, estimated to have a capacity of 6,300 bbl/d, was expected to further increase Vietnamese production. The decline in production overall from 2004 to 2005 was primarily the result of declining production at the Bach Ho field. The planned development of several new oil fields in coming years is expected to increase Vietnamese production. A new well at Block 15-1s Su Tu Trang (White Lion) field flowed 8,682 bbl/d in early 2004 and is scheduled to be developed by 2008. In October 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration (35 percent interest), Idemitsu Kosan (35 percent), and Teikoku Oil (30 percent) announced plans to fund the development of Blocks 05.1b and 05.1c in the Nam Con Son Basin. Two months later, the Korean National Oil Corporation (KNOC), along with several Korean partners, finalized terms for the $300 million development of Block 11-2, which includes the Flying Orchid Field. PetroVietnam has a 25 percent interest in the joint venture. Exploration in Vietnam continues to yield new discoveries. In 2002, large oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna) and Voi Trang (White Elephant) fields. SOCO Vietnam estimates that its Ca Ngu Vang well may contain up to 250 million barrels of oil. In July 2004, VSP discovered new stocks of oil in its Dragon field. Three months later, a joint venture comprised of American Technologies, Petronas, Singapore Petroleum, and PetroVietnam announced a 100-million-barrel oil discovery off Vietnams northeast coast. In September 2004, the Vietnamese government offered nine exploration blocks in the Phu Khanh basin off its southern coast. In November 2004, Japanese oil companies Nippon Oil Exploration, Idemitsu Kosan, and Teikoku Oil signed an agreement to explore in two offshore blocks southeast of Ho Chi Minh City. They plan to drill a test well in 2006 and complete exploration by 2007. In December 2004, Talisman Energy was awarded the right to conduct exploration in the Cuu Long Basin, and received additional acreage in an adjacent area in April 2005. ONGC of India was awarded drilling rights in the deepwater Block 127 in the Phu Khanh Basinoff Vietnams central coast in October 2005. ChevronTexaco also received acreage in the Phu Khanh Basin in the most recent round of awards, with an award for Block 122 in October 2005. PetroVietnams storage and transportation division, Petrolimex, recently completed a new oil storage facility in the central Khanh Hoa province. The depot is largest in the country, with a total storage capacity of 3.68 million barrels. Refining: Vietnam is in the process of building its first refinery. The $1.5 billion Dung Quat Refinery, located in Quang Ngai province, will have a crude distillation capacity of approximately 140,000 bbl/d. After several years of delays in financing the project, construction finally began in November 2005. Commercial operation of the refinery is expected to begin in early 2009. Vietnams distribution infrastructure is discontinuous, with the north and south of the country functioning largely as separate markets. Completion of the Dung Quat Refinery, located in the center of the country, should lead to greater interaction between the regions. A second refinery project is under consideration at Nghi Son, north of Hanoi in the Thanh Hoa province. The Vietnamese government has estimated the 150,000 bbl/d plant will cost $3 billion. In August 2004, Mitsubishi Corporation agreed to participate in building Nghi Son for completion in 2010. In December 2004, Vietnam contracted the International Business Company (IBC) of the British Virgin Islands to conduct a feasibility study for a third oil refinery, to be located at Vung Ro in the southern Phu Yen province. The Vietnamese government hopes to complete the refinery within 12 years. Natural Gas: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Enlarge: Vietnams Oil Production and Consumption, 1980-2005. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Vietnam has proven gas reserves of 6.8 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), according to Oil and Gas Journal. Vietnams natural gas production and consumption have been rising rapidly since the late 1990s, with further increases expected as additional fields come onstream. Natural gas is currently produced entirely for domestic consumption. The Cuu Long basin offshore from the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam, a source of associated gas from oil production, is the largest Vietnamese natural gas production area. Only two fields in Vietnam have been developed specifically for their natural gas potential: Tien Hai, with a potential output of 1.76 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d); and Lan Tay/Lan Do of Nam Con Son, which began producing over 5 Mmcf/d in 2002. In the Nam Con Son Basin, a $565 million, 230-mile pipeline was completed in June 2002 connecting the Lan Tay and Lan Do fields to the mainland at Vung Tau. The Nam Con Son project consists of five subsea wells linked to a production platform and a pipeline leading to an onshore treatment plant. Gas is piped to three generating plants at the Phu My industrial complex, where electricity is provided primarily to areas surrounding Ho Chi Minh City. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government announced that output from Nam Con Son was expected to reach 88 billion cubic feet (Bcf), exceeding planned production by 90%. The project currently supplies the Phu My 1, Phu My 3, Phu My 2.1 power plants and the extended Phu My 2.1 plant. Phu My 2.2 will begin using output from the field soon thereafter. In December 2002, a consortium headed by Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC) signed an agreement to install facilities to pump and supply 130 Mmcf/d of natural gas to Vietnam. The natural gas, located in the Rong Doi and Rong Doi Tay fields on Block 11-2 of the Nam Con Son Basin, is sold to PetroVietnam under a 23-year contract. PetroVietnam resells most this volume to Electricity of Vietnam (EVN). Production at the fields began in mid-2005. In December 2004, KNOC and PetroVietnam signed agreements to further exploit natural gas in both Blocks 11 and 12. Construction of an additional pipeline to bring ashore natural gas from block 11 began in October 2005, and is scheduled for completion in October 2006. The Su Tu Den and Rang Dong oil fields, both of which have considerable Vietnamese reserves of associated natural gas, are located near the 62-mile pipeline from the Bach Ho field. An estimated 60 Mmcf/d of gas from the fields is earmarked for consumption in power plants in southern Vietnam. Both TotalFinaElf and ChevronTexaco (originally Unocal) have found natural gas in exploratory drilling of the Malay basin. Additionally, Talisman Energy has found natural gas at the Cai Nuoc field in block 46. The discovery is close to block PM-3-CAA, which straddles the maritime border with Malaysia, and is expected to contain up to 100 Bcf of recoverable gas reserves. A contract was awarded to McDermott International in March 2006 for construction of a 200-mile pipeline, which will transport natural gas from the PM3-CAA block to Ca Mau province in southern Vietnam. It is scheduled for completion in 2007. In December 2004, PetroVietnam announced that it was reconsidering the $70 million Phu My gas pipeline project from Phu My to Nhon Trach due to increased expenses associated with land costs in compensation areas. The pipeline was initially planned to transport associated gas from the Bach Ho and Rong fields for power generation. Coal: Vietnam contains coal reserves estimated at 165 million short tons (Mmst), the majority of which is anthracite. Production has increased dramatically over the last decade, with Vietnam producing over 18 Mmst in 2003. As a result, Vietnam exported a record 7 Mmst of coal, primarily to Japan and China, in 2003. Although Vietnam has historically relied on hydropower for electricity, it has recently promoted the construction of coal-fired power plants. Vinocoal plans to build eight coal-fueled thermal power plants with a total capacity of 2,900 megawatts (MW) by 2010. Six are currently in various stages of planning and construction. In December 2004, the Vietnamese government approved Vinacoals proposal to invest in a 200-MW, coal-fired thermal power plant in the Son Dong district. The plant is scheduled to begin operation in 2007. Coal-fired power plants are expected to eventually account for 25% of Vietnams total electricity production. The Vietnamese government estimates that 10.2 Mms t of coal is needed per year to meet increasing domestic demand, projected at 20,000 MW by 2010. Vietnam continues to exploit new coal reserves within its borders. In March 2003, a significant coal bed was discovered in the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam. Vinacoal plans to use the reserve for thermal power plants. In October 2004, Vinacoal entered talks with Chinas Fujian Province Coal Industry Corporation to jointly exploit the Bac Coc Sau mine in the Quang Ninh province. Electricity: Vietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Enlarge: Vietnams Electricity Generation, 1980-2003. (Source: EIA, International Energy Annual 2003.). Although Vietnams per capita electricity consumption is among the lowest in Asia, demand has risen in recent years, straining the countrys limited generating capacity. Rapid commercial sector growth, population migration to major cities, and elevated living standards have all contributed to a growing demand for electricity. In 2003, Vietnam had a total electric generating capacity of 8.8 gigawatts (GW) and generated 39.7 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, of which 52 percent was hydropower. Electricity demand in Vietnam is forecast to grow 15 percent per year until 2010. Vietnam currently buys power from China to prevent shortages in the north, and plans to begin purchasing from Laos in 2008. The majority of thermal electricity generation in Vietnam depends on coal-fired plants, though natural gas use is expanding. EVNs Pha Lai is the largest coal-fired power project in Vietnam, with the second of two 300-MW units coming into service in 2003. In order to meet increased demand, construction or expansion is planned for 32 power stations (7,547 MW) before 2010. The state power company, Elà ©ctricità © of Vietnam (EVN), plans to commission 16 hydropower plants by 2010 and increased capacity at the Uong Bi coal-fired plant to 400 MW in 2005. Vinacoal also has plans to construct eight additional coal-fired power plants. Vietnam currently has five hydroelectric expansions underway. The countrys Son La project, which began construction in late 2005, is anticipated to have a generating capacity of 2,400 megawatts (MW) by 2012, will be the largest hydroelectric project in Vietnam when completed. In September 2004, construction began on the Ban Ve hydroelectric power plant, expected to begin operations in 2008. EVN began work on four additional hydroelectric projects in late 2004. The Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4, both located in the Central Highlands region, are expected to be completed within four years and to provide approximately 520 MW of generating capacity. In December 2004, EVN began construction of the Se San 4 hydropower plant in the central highlands provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum. The plant is anticipated to have a capacity of 330 MW and to generate 1,390 million kWh per year. Vietnam also plans to build three additional plants in the region before 2010. In March 2004, EVN announced plans to spend $1.3 billion to build and refurbish power plants with a combined capacity of 1,510 MW. The projects include the combined cycle power plant Phu My 2.1, the hydroelectric facility Can Don, the Phu My 3 and Phu My 4 thermal plants, and Na Duong. Additional projects include the Song Ba Ha, Bac Binh, Se San 4, Dong Nai 3 and Dong Nai 4 hydrostations, the Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh extension, and the O Mon 600-MW thermal plant. The development of natural gas-fired plants in the Phu My complex of the Ba Ria-Vung Tau province has helped to offset Vietnams heavy reliance on hydropower, which can be vulnerable to disruption when monsoon rainfall is unusually low. In March 2003, the 720-MW Phu My 3 power plant commenced operations. The $450 million plant, owned by a consortium led by UKs BP, was Vietnams first foreign-invested, build-operate-transfer (BOT) project. EVN has contracted to purchase the output under a 20-year power purchase agreement. Mitsubishi received an award in February 2006 for the construction of a 330-MW natural gas-fired power plant in the southern Mekong delta. The plant will come online in early 2009, running initially on fuel oil, and switching to natural gas when pipeline infrastructure is completed. More foreign companies are beginning to enter the growing Vietnamese power market in the form of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects. EVN and a consortium including Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO), Sumitomo, and Elà ©ctricità © de France (EdF) began BOT construction of the Mekong Deltas 715-MW Phu My 2-2 in January 2003. The plant is fueled by gas from Nam Con Son Basin. EVN plans to develop a national electricity grid by 2020 by patching together several regional grids. The countrys distribution infrastructure is poorly maintained, but has benefited from recent improvements. A North-South power cable transmits electricity from Vietnams largest generator, the Hoa Binh hydropower plant in the North, to large population centers in the South, linking the country into one electricity grid and helping alleviate electricity shortages in Ho Chi Minh City. The $56 million project was funded by the World Bank. Vietnam is considering the construction of a 500-KV, 188-mile power line from Pleiku to Danang city at a cost of $130 million. The Vietnamese government has estimated that an additional 9,300 miles of high-voltage transmission lines and 173,600 miles of medium- and low-voltage transmission lines will be necessary to accommodate new capacity by 2010. In September 2004, EVN announced plans to invest $330 million over five years to upgrade transmission lin es surrounding Hanoi. Vietnam plans to complete its first nuclear power plant by 2020 as an alternate means on meeting demand. In December 2004, the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology submitted a pre-feasibility study for the 2,000-megawatt (MW) nuclear plant to the National Assembly. Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural Gas: Where Fossil Fuels Come From: There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. Carboniferous gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels. The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants. Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex. But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For more about the various geologic eras, go to www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html. As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary. More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas. Coal: Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal peat is still found in many countries and is also used as an energy source. The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a stone that could burn. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and throughout the rest of the world. Coal is mined out of the ground using various methods. Some coal mines are dug by sinking vertical or horizontal shafts deep under ground, and coal miners travel by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip away the top layers above the coal. The layers are then restored after the coal is taken away. The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and mixed with water to make whats called a slurry. This is then pumped many miles through pipelines. At the other end, the coal is used to fuel power plants and other factories. Oil or Petroleum: Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the Picture of oil formationsize of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy. Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt (pitch) collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light. The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps. In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washingtons troops how to treat frostbite with oil. As our country grew, the demand for oil continued to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to replace whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes just as the Native Americans did. Then on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used today all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface. Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. Its similar to how a small, throw carpet will bunch up in places on the floor. To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship. Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in California. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from California wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the countrymost of it from the Middle East. Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used. Refineries: Oil is stored in large tanks until it is sent to various places to be used. At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by heating the thick black oil. Oil is made into many different products fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that holds your milk, the plastic pen that you write with. They all came from oil. There are thousands of other products that come from oil. Almost all plastic comes originally from oil. Can you think of some other things made from oil? The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation or jet fuel, home heating oil, oil for ships and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Heres what a barrel of crude oil can make. In California, 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation cars, planes, trucks, buses and motorcycles. Well learn more about transportation energy in Chapter 18. Natural Gas: Sometime between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, especially in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the eternal fires of the fire-worshiping religion of the ancient Persians. Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is mostly made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Its chemical formula is CH4 one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is highly flammable. Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system. Natural gas usually has no odor and you cant see it. Before it is sent to the pipelines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smells almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it easy to smell if there is a leak. Energy Safety Note! If you smell that rotten egg smell in your house, tell your folks and get out of the house quickly. Dont turn on any lights or other electrical devices. A spark from a light switch can ignite the gas very easily. Go to a neighbors house and call 9-1-1 for emergency help. Saving Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels take millions of years to make. We are using up the fuels that were made more than 300 million years ago before the time of the dinosaurs. Once they are gone they are gone. So, its best to not waste fossil fuels. They are not renewable; they cant really be made again. We can save fossil fuels by conserving energy. Natural Gas Distribution System: We learned in Chapter 8 that natural gas is a fossil fuel. It is a gaseous molecule thats made up of two atoms one carbon atom combined with four hydrogen atom. Its chemical formula is CH4. The picture on the right is a model of what the molecule could look like. Dont confuse natural gas with gasoline, which we call gas for short. Like oil, natural gas is found under ground and under the ocean floor. Wells are drilled to tap into natural gas reservoirs just like drilling for oil. Once a drill has hit an area that contains natural gas, it can be brought to the surface through pipes. The natural gas has to get from the wells to us. To do that, there is a huge network of pipelines that brings natural gas from the gas fields to us. Some of these pipes are two feet wide. Natural gas is sent in larger pipelines to power plants to make electricity or to factories because they use lots of gas. Bakeries use natural gas to heat ovens to bake bread, pies, pastries and cookies. Other businesses use natural gas for heating their buildings or heating water. From larger pipelines, the gas goes through smaller and smaller pipes to your neighborhood. In businesses and in your home, the natural gas must first pass through a meter, which measures the amount of fuel going into the building. A gas company worker reads the meter and the company will charge you for the amount of natural gas you used. In some homes, natural gas is used for cooking, heating water and heating the house in a furnace. In rural areas, where there are no natural gas pipelines, propane (another form of gas thats often made when oil is refined) or bottled gas is used instead of natural gas. Propane is also called LPG, or liquefied petroleum gas, is made up of methane and a mixture with other gases like butane. Propane turns to a liquid when it is placed under slight pressure. For regular natural gas to turn into a liquid, it has to be made very, very cold. Cars and trucks can also use natural gas as a transportation fuel, but they must carry special cylinder-like tanks to hold the fuel. When natural gas is burned to make heat or burned in a cars engine, it burns very cleanly. When you combine natural gas with oxygen (the process of combustion), you produce carbon dioxide and water vapor; plus the energy thats released in heat and light. Some impurities are contained in all natural gas. These include sulphur and butane and other chemicals. When burned, those impurities can create air pollution. The amount of pollution from natural gas is less than burning a more complex fuel like gasoline. Natural gas-powered cars are more than 90 percent cleaner than a gasoline-powered car. Thats why many people feel natural gas would be a good fuel for cars because it burns cleanly. Biomass Energy: Biomass is matter usually thought of as garbage. Some of it is just stuff lying around dead trees, tree branches, yard clippings, left-over crops, wood chips (like in the picture to the right), and bark and sawdust from lumber mills. It can even include used tires and livestock manure. Your trash, paper products that cant be recycled into other paper products, and other household waste are normally sent to the dump. Your trash contains some types of biomass that can be reused. Recycling biomass for fuel and other uses cuts down on the need for landfills to hold garbage. This stuff nobody seems to want can be used to produce electricity, heat, compost material or fuels. Composting material is decayed plant or food products mixed together in a compost pile and spread to help plants grow. California produces more than 60 million bone dry tons of biomass each year. Of this total, five million bone dry tons is now burned to make electricity. This is biomass from lumber mill wastes, urban wood waste, forest and agricultural residues and other feed stocks. If all of it was used, the 60 million tons of biomass in California could make close to 2,000 megawatts of electricity for Californias growing population and economy. Thats enough energy to make electricity for about two million homes! How biomass works is very simple. The waste wood, tree branches and other scraps are gathered together in big trucks. The trucks bring the waste from factories and from farms to a biomass power plant. Here the biomass is dumped into huge hoppers. This is then fed into a furnace where it is burned. The heat is used to boil water in the boiler, and the energy in the steam is used to turn turbines and generators . Biomass can also be tapped right at the landfill with burning waster products. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Youll remember in chapters 8 and 9 that natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity. This type of biomass is called landfill gas. A similar thing can be done at animal feed lots. In places where lots of animals are raised, the animals like cattle, cows and even chickens produce manure. When manure decomposes, it also gives off methane gas similar to garbage. This gas can be burned right at the farm to make energy to run the farm. Using biomass can help reduce global warming compared to a fossil fuel-powered plant. Plants use and store carbon dioxide (CO2) when they grow. CO2 stored in the plant is released when th